Life extension refers to attempts to slow down or reverse the processes of aging to extend both the maximum and average lifespan. Life extension is the science dedicated to understanding the processes of aging and to developing ways of slowing them down or reversing them. The goals of life extension include increasing both average and maximum human lifespan. Extension of average lifespan can be achieved by good diet, lifestyle such as exercise and avoidance of hazards such as smoking.
Existing life extension methods are nutritionally and pharmaceutically based, while research is conducted across a wide spectrum of strategies. Much of life extension has been concerned with the use of nutrition, in the form of diets or supplements, to extend lifespan. The idea that antioxidant supplements, such as Vitamin C, Vitamin E, lipoic acid, might extend human life stems from the free radical theory of aging. Resveratrol is another hot life extension supplements on the market. Many anti-aging super foods supplements are available on the market. Anti-Aging herbs and anti-aging super foods are particulary important because they offer natural sources of dietary supplement with no potential side effects to be concerned about. One widely recognized method of extending maximum lifespan is calorie restriction. The anti-aging industry offers several hormone replacement  therapies. The most widely available and important hormone treatment is human growth hormone (HGH). Other anti-aging medicine are available on the market.
Cosmetic interventions such as skin treatments (e.g., skin resurfacing procedures, Botox treatments, anti-aging topical skin care products) and plastic surgery are widely used to mask the effects of aging, although they do not actually affect lifespan.The sale of putative anti-aging products such as nutrition, physical fitness, skin care, hormone replacements, vitamins, supplements and herbs has become a lucrative industry.
Some researchers in this area, life extensionists or longevists believe that future breakthroughs in anti-aging regenerative medicine — tissue rejuvenation with stem cells, cell therapy, tissue engineering, molecular repair, therapeutic cloning, and organ replacement (such as with bioartificial organ, artificial organs, allotransplantation or xenotransplantations) — will eventually enable humans to have indefinite lifespans through complete rejuvenation to a youthful condition. Theoretically, extension of maximum lifespan could be achieved by reducing the rate of aging damage, by periodic replacement of damaged tissues, or by molecular repair or rejuvenation of deteriorated cells and tissues. Gene therapy, in which artificial genes are inserted into an organism to replace mutated or otherwise deficient longevity genes, has been proposed as a future strategy to prevent aging. Strategies for Engineered Negligible Senescence (SENS) is the term useed by Aubrey de Grey to give to his proposal to research regenerative medical procedures to periodically repair all the age-related damage in the human body, thereby maintaining a youth-like state indefinitely. Imagine a time in the future when, once those body parts (cells, tissues and organs) start breaking down, you can just plug a new one right in. Some longevists have proposed that nanorobots could perform cellular repair in vivo, which could reverse damage from aging at the molecular level, restoring youth and giving a potentially indefinite lifespan.
For cryonicists (advocates of cryopreservation), storing the body at low temperatures after death may provide an "ambulance" into a future in which advanced medical technologies may allow resuscitation and repair although no mammal has been cryopreserved and brought back to life. Mind uploading refers to the transfer of the human mind/consciousness to a more durable material vessel (stereotypically but not necessarily a silicon computer).
Related Articles: 3 Steps to Healthy Life Extension The Potential of Regenerative Medicine In Anti-Aging Treatment Anti-Aging Medicine vs Anti-Aging Regenerative Medicine Cell Therapy In Anti-Aging Regenerative Medicine Tissue Engineering And Regenerative Medicine
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Genetics: (unfortunately not many of us get to choose our parents!) Lifestyle: With the reduction of stress, good clean living practices that we all understand such as not smoking, drinking alcohol in moderation, avoiding narcotics, eating fresh foods in a balanced diet, drinking clean pure water and avoiding radiation, heavy metals and pollution etc. Toxins: Avoiding them as best we can including the lesser known toxins such as fluoride, aluminium and pesticides etc. Exercise: It doesn’t need to be intense but regular. Karma: Massage and relaxation techniques to provide inner-calm for the soul. Nutrition: Undertaken with balanced multi-vitamins and minerals to ensure that all nutritional needs are being met, especially as these needs usually increase with age. Anti-Oxidants: Using them to eradicate free-radicals (a primary cause of premature aging) and to help eliminate pollutants, in turn this has a major benefit for the long-term health of an individual. Chelation: To help flush-out heavy metals. Immune System: Enhancement and support to ensure that infections do not become a major problem and the occasional use (as required) of natural anti-biotics to free yourself from more persistent bacteria and viruses etc. These are very important tasks to ensure that serious aging disorders and diseases do not appear. Nootropics: The regular use of smart drugs and nutrients to provide the brain remains working at an optimum level and to ensure through enhancement and protection that its too-easy oxidation (deterioration) does not lead to serious senile dementias. This can not be overstated as clearly the brain is the command center of a hierarchy of organs. Hormone Maintenance: The use of hormones and precursors to ensure that they remain at the approximate levels of healthy 25 year-old and that this in turn leads to improved mental and physical capabilities. Excess: Keeping age-increasing hormones such as cortisol and prolactin in check and ensuring that age-increasing enzymes such as MAO do not interfere unduly with brain neurotransmitters. Energy: Provide protection and support for the energy producing processes within the body, especially for the mitochondria (the cells that produce the grandmother hormone pregnenolone and production of the universal energy molecule ATP). Specifics: Nutritional and medical assistance for individual areas of concern, such as treatment for hair-loss or impotence etc. Others: Keeping an open mind and utilizing of any other proven sources of benefit, for example the emerging science of electro-magnetic medicine. Ultimately: Pure anti-aging medicine will lie in the ability to decipher DNA and act upon those results and then in the ability to manipulate DNA for our own needs. Author: dragon web profit

Anti-Aging Skin Care Web Site: http://www.antiagingskincarebeauty.com

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================================== resource link: programmed theory of aging vs damage/error theory of aging Innovations In Anti-Aging Skin Care And Longevity Technology
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Theoretically, the only organ that cannot be replaced is the brain. In practice, lifespan is equivalent to brainspan. Following an earlier discussion, it is open to debate whether aging is caused by factors that do not have their origin in the brain. Perhaps our brain just ages because the other organs in the body can no longer support it (but see below). If we could change the body at regular intervals to keep it always young, it might happen that our brain would never age. Technically, we might soon be able to transplant entire bodies. Robert White has already experimented body transplants in animals: separating the head from the body and then insert the head in a new body (White et al., 1996). (Notice the fact that I call it "body transplants" and not "brain" or "head transplants" because size does not matter here; the brain is us, and can never be changed, but the body can, and therefore it is the body that is transplanted.) Of course, body transplants, even if they are made to work, are a difficult and expensive technique.
It is also possible, though speculative, that future developments in cybernetics and therapeutic cloning will make it possible to replace all other organs. But even if we could replace the most vital organs with either new or artificial organs, it appears to be a difficult, dangerous, and unpredictable approach. Also, many theories center aging on post-mitotic tissues such as neurons, so the idea that we could avoid brain aging by replacing or rejuvenating the rest of the body is likely incorrect. Perhaps it is worth to try in animals as we might learn something out of it. For now, we must focus on trying to discover a way to stop aging in all the body, having, of course, the brain as top priority.
Short-term memory loss, personality and cognitive changes with age, dementia, general decline of the nervous system and senses, and many other changes are likely to occur with aging (Craik and Salthouse, 1992; Hayflick, 1994, pp. 161-166; Zec, 1995). Until recently, it was thought that neuronal loss, due to the accumulation of damage–such as oxidative damage–was the main cause of brain aging. Nowadays, it appears that neurons can remain relatively healthy through life, with the exception of pathologies (Morrison and Hof, 1997). In fact, until recently, neurons were not thought to be able to divide. Now it appears that neurons can replicate in adult monkeys, in an area of the brain called hippocampus, which is used for long-term memory (Gould et al., 1999). Similar results have been reported in humans (Eriksson et al., 1998). (Altman and Das, 1965), and Fernando Nottebohm reported brain rejuvenation in birds (Nottebohm, 1989).) Instead of seeing brain aging as a mere consequence of the death of neurons, it appears that, even without neuronal death, biochemical and structural changes compromise neuron function (Teter and Finch, 2004). With age, what changes is the wiring, the complex network of connections between cells (Gopnik et al., 2000). It has even been suggested that brain aging is an extension of brain development (de Magalhaes and Sandberg, 2005), in line with a linkage between development and aging. While the jury is still out, the debate of whether aging is a result of damage accumulation or of programmed events also extends to brain aging.
Technorati Tags: aging,longevity,anti-aging,anti-aging research,brain aging,aging theory (article source: senescence.info)
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Jicun Wang1, Thomas M. Michelitsch2*, Arne Wunderlin3 and Ravi Mahadeva1 1Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
2Institut Jean le Rond d’Alembert CNRS UMR 7190, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (Paris 6), 4 Place Jussieu, 75252 Paris cedex 05, France
31. Institut für Theoretische Physik, Pfaffenwaldring 57/4, D-70550 Stuttgart, Germany
*Send correspondence to: Dr. Thomas M. Michelitsch, Email: michel@lmm.jussieu.fr
2 April 2009
programmed theory of aging vs damage/error theory of aging
Innovations In Anti-Aging Skin Care And Longevity Technology Abstract
It is now increasingly realized that the underlying mechanisms which govern aging is a complex interplay of genetic regulation and damage accumulation. Aging as a result of accumulation of ‘faults’ on cellular and molecular levels, has been proposed in the damage (fault)-accumulation theory by Kirkwood 2006. However, this theory fails to explain some aging phenotypes such as fibrosis and premature aging, since terms such as ‘damage’ and ‘fault’ are not specified. Therefore we introduce here a specification of the underlying mechanism of aging and arrive at a novel theory: aging of the body is a result of the accumulation of Misrepair of tissue. It emphasizes: a) it is Misrepair, not the original damage, that accumulates and leads to aging; and b) aging can occur at different levels, however aging of the body takes place at least on the tissue level, but not necessarily on cellular/molecular level. The novel concept of Misrepair introduced here unifies the understanding of the roles of environmental damage, repair, gene regulation, and multicellular structure in the aging process. The Misrepair-accumulation theory introduced in the present paper gives explanations for the aging phenotypes, premature aging, and the difference of longevity in different species, and is consistent with the point of view of physical theory of complex systems.

Introduction

Many theories have been proposed to answer the question of why and how we age. These theories fall into two main groups: genetic regulation and damage-accumualation. The gene-controlling theories emphasize the genetic regulation on aging. Many genes have been found to be related to aging, and some have shown lifespan-extending effects on animal models by gene knock-out (or -in), however their associations with aging are debated and far from confirmed. The Mutation-accumulation Theory assumes that the weak selection by nature in late age allows a wide range of gene mutations to accumulate, with deleterious effects (1,2): one interesting point which remains unanswered is why genes mutate to be deleterious. The Developmental Theory suggests that aging and development are coupled and regulated by the same mechanisms (3,4). It is theoretically interesting and reasonable; however this theory fails to explain how the development process influences the aging phenotypes. The Damage-accumulation theories imply that it is the extrinsic and intrinsic damage (or fault) accumulation on cellular or molecular level, that leads to aging: The causes can be free radicals, by-products, molecular cross-linking and so on (5,6). However, most of these theories actually mainly pointed out the phenotypes or causes but not the underlying common mechanism of aging.
It is now increasingly realised that genetic regulation and damage-accumulation actually interplay to account for aging, and it is predicted that: “aging is a result of accumulation of ‘faults’ at cellular and molecular level because of the limitation of maintenance and repair; the underlying driving force is damage. The genetic control of longevity comes through the regulation of the essential maintenance and repair processes that slow the build–up of faults”(7). However this recent damage (fault)-accumulation theory does not clarify the concepts of ‘damage’ and ‘fault’, and is weak in explaining some aging phenomena, such as fibrosis and premature aging. On the other hand, the slow process of aging in living beings must be complex, not simply explainable by the gradual accumulation of damage, as that in lifeless matter. Therefore we suggest here some crucial modifications of this theory and raise a novel theory of aging.
IceRocket Tags: aging,damage,Misrepair,accumulation,longevity To read the full article, click here and look for “attachment” the bottom of the page to download the corresponding word documents.
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By Mark Stibich, Ph.D
(visit our web site for anti-aging super food supplement products on the market)
These food and drink options will help your body fight off the damage caused by aging (see exotic anti-aging foods for some odder longevity foods). Just work them into your daily and weekly meal plans and you’ll be getting extra vitamins, antioxidants and other substances that will help your body fight age-related illnesses and be anti aging resources for you. Start today!
1. Avocados

Avocados lead my list of anti-aging foods because that are just so delicious. Of course, avocados are loaded with healthy fats to help improve your cholesterol, but the main reason to eat avocados is because they taste so good.
 
2. Walnuts

I know I need to eat more omega-3s and that fish are a great source, but I have to admit that possible mercury contamination of fish has got me a bit scared off. That’s where walnuts come in. Turns out that walnuts are a great (and mercury-free) source of omega-3 essential fatty acids. Eat a handful or two a day for all your omega-3 needs.
3. Green Vegetables

I know, it’s pretty boring to talk about the need to eat more vegetables — but here’s the thing, we all really need to do it. In fact, if the country could get 5 or more servings of fruits and vegetables every day, we’d see a huge decrease in heart disease, cancer, high blood pressure and more. So find some way to eat one more veggie or fruit this week, then add another next week until you get to 9 servings. Focus on leafy or deeply colored vegetables for the most benefit.
4. Water

Water is good for you. This seems pretty basic. There is some disagreement in the medical world whether drinking TONS of water is really a good idea, but while they sort that out stay focused on water. Your goal should be to make water your primary drink. This way, you’ll be drinking a no calorie, no chemical drink all day long instead of the many, many high-calorie, high chemical alternatives.
5. Berries

Berries are packed full of antioxidants and other chemicals that your body can use to make repairs and prevent some of the damage caused by aging. Best of all, berries taste really, really good. Be sure to eat your berries without any sauces or sugars. Just enjoy them plain for their goodness.
6. Green Tea

Green tea has been a longevity supplement in Asia for thousands of years. It is a great thing to work into your daily life. Green tea contains high concentrations of just the chemicals your body needs. Green tea is also inexpensive, delicious and gives a mild (and gentle) energy boost from its caffeine.
7. Red Wine

Red wine is good for you — it contains a substance called "resveratrol" that help your body fight off age-related illnesses. At the end of your day have a glass or two to relax and unwind. You’ll get the benefits of a delicious drink along with the anti-aging properties of resveratrol.
8. Beans

Beans are a great source of healthy protein and antioxidants. Really, beans are a wonder food. Some researchers (like T. Colin Powell) believe that animal protein may cause many of the illnesses we face as we age. Switching to a (healthy) vegetarian diet certainly will help improve the health of your heart and arteries. Beans are a necessary part of any healthy vegetarian diet. If you don’t want to go all the way to vegetarianism, then just start by substituting a few meals a week with bean-based entrees.
9. Melons

When I think of fruit, I don’t always think of melons. That’s a shame because melons have some of the best nutritional profiles of all the fruits. They are pulpy (so they fill you up) and contain lots of vitamins for your body. Work melons into your daily/weekly diet and you’ll be reaping health benefits as you enjoy them.
10. Chocolate

I put chocolate last in this list only because it doesn’t need to be higher up to get your attention. Chocolate (dark chocolate, that is) is good for you. It has a balance of fats that don’t harm your body and tons of healthy chemicals that your body needs. The only draw-back is that chocolate also has calories. Have a little square every day, but don’t overdue it.
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Technorati Tags: anti-aging super foods,longevity,eat your way to longevity Author: dragon web profit

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